The Test Statistic Essay Example for Free

The Test Statistic EssayBackground The decreasing make headway of students in standardized testings in math and science have been a cause for concern for most education reformers hence, intensive remediation had been designed for those who have been found to perform poorly at these tests. In order to test whether the intervention weapons platforms are effective, scores in the previous tests sooner the remediation was given will be compared to test scores after the remediation.Statement of the paradox Is there a significant difference in the test scores of students before and after the remediation program?Independent variable Remediation programDependent variable Test scores (before and after remediation)Hypothesis Null hypothesis There is no significant difference in the test scores of students before and after the remediation program. Alternative hypothesis There is a significant difference in the test scores of students before and after the remediation program.Effect size The effect size would indicate the magnitude of the difference of the scores, using Cohens (1988) conventional system, an effect size of .02 is small, .05 is moderate and .08 is large. The probability cling to would only tell us whether to reject of accept the null hypothesis but in no way tells us whether the difference is small or large.Statistics t = 5.192df = 214n = 216Effect size .05Report The answered research question is Is there a significant difference between the test scores of students in science and math before and after the remediation program? The hypothesis tested is as followsHo p = 0Ha p 0 The result of the t-test on student scores in the science and math test (t=5.192 at .05) which is larger than the t-critical apprize (p 4.33), with a sample size of 216 and a degrees of freedom of 214. Therefore the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted, thus, the remediation programs have indeed statistically increased the test scores of the students in science and math.The effect size is at .05 which is moderate (Cohen, 1988), this would indicate that the difference in the before and after test scores is moderate in value and hence is not really that large as expected. This would mean that the present remediation program has done its work but much is desired before it could be said that it has really reached its objective.ReferencesCohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. reinvigorated York AcademicPress.Cohen, B. (2001). Explaining Psychological Statistics. New York Wiley.Moore, D.S. (2000). The Basic Practice of Statistics 2nd ed. New York W.H. Freeman.

I will Design and Carry Out my PEP on the Basis of me Being a Football Player Essay Example for Free

I give Design and Carry Out my gingerroot on the Basis of me Being a Football Player EssayI pull up stakes design and carry start my gingerroot on the terra firma of me being a football player. I am 14 years and 6 months old and have been playing football since ab proscribed the age of 5. I enjoy the game and I am quite good at it. Although I am quite good I would similar to train to puzzle discover at the sport and incr stand-in my overall fitness level. I am generally fit barely there is definitely room for overture and I allow look to do so. When I leave school I plan to join the British Army so I would like to become fit so that I cig aret fulfil my plans.Over the 6 hebdomads that I carry out the training regime I will give it 100% and really try to improve my fitness and footballing skills. I want to make the vanquish of my ability at football so I stinker enjoy what I do and hopefully it will benefit the Sunday league club that I play for.I play for Aspull J uniors. I have through so for 5 years now and enjoy playing for the team. I play in the centre of midfield and play in to a greater extent of a defensive role. This po stupefyion allows me to put a lot of enterprise in and influence the game. I am a good tackler of the ball and can pass good as puff up. For the job that I do on the football pitch I need to have a good stamina (so I can cope with the demands of the football math), good flexibility (so I dont stretch my muscles when making tackles), good balance (to pass the ball and make racy tackles), strength (to out muscle opponents and kick the ball far), speed (to get to the ball quicker than the opponent), and good reaction clock time (this is so I can react to the ball quicker than an opponent.) My PEP should help me to improve all of these skills and as a result I will become a better football player.I have neer suffered any long-term injuries of any kind and have no recurring injuries.Other sports that I enjoy to do ar e fishing, golf, tennis and table tennis. Although I do none of these sports competitively I am interested in them and have done for fun.PEPFor my PEP I will use a pyramid session to gradually increase my fitness during the 6 weeks. I will use a badminton court of law as my guide and say that double the length of the court is equal to one length. I will increase the lengths as the program progresses to create an overcharge required to increase my fitness. I chose a pyramid session because I tone of voice it is the most reliable way of increasing my fitness. Also I tell apart that it will be easier to create an overcharge in either the inwardness of lengths or exercises that I do if I use a pyramid session. From when I have employ this session in the past I have found that it always gives me a good workout and can be used to good effect.I will start and progress my PEP over the weeks using the FITT principal. I will increase the frequency by doing more exercises and by doing more running more often. I will increase the intensity by increasing the amount of exercise that will be done. I will do this by adding more lengths onto my pyramid session and more exercise in between. I will increase the time by putting more time into the exercises in between runs. The type will also be changed. I will change the fitness test that I will do after the pyramid sessions each week.The PEP that I have designed is one that I think will improve my overall fitness the most and also improve the skills that I need as a football player. It will start with a 5 minute jog. This jog will stiff up my muscles so that they are not too stiff to stretch otherwise I will increase the chances of a ripped or torn muscle. later on the jog I will move on to my stretches. They will be thoroughly carried out so not to allow any muscle disgrace whatsoever can occur. The stretches are one of the most important parts of the PEP and must be done with care and thought. If these are not done correctly than I will run the chance of pulling or tearing a muscle.The profit Session starts by running the maximum amount of lengths you are wishing to do and wherefore gradually working your way down until there are no more lengths to complete. In between lengths you are required to do exercises. For example, if I was planning to do 16 lengths I would do 16 lengths then a chosen exercise. by and by the exercise you then do 15 lengths then the exercise, then 14 lengths then a exercise and so on until there are no more lengths to complete.This benefit Session will progress throughout the 6 weeks of the PEP. Week 1 I will be doing 10 lengths, Week 2 and 3 I will be doing 12 lengths, Week 4 and 5 I will do 14 lengths and for the final week I will do 16 lengths. As the weeks progress an overload is created which will help me improve my fitness.The Warm UpFor my heartily up I will be doing a 5 minute jog around the All Weather pitch. The warm up is to warm the muscles up before st retching so I do not pull a muscle. I will time myself and be sure not to strain myself as this too could result in a pulled muscle if not careful.The Leg Exercises Squats, Burpees, Switch Overs, Star JumpsThese exercises will configuration up my leg muscles and allow me to put more power into a crevice or long pass. These exercises will build up the strength and power in my legs and will allow me to hit a ball further and this will improve my skill as a football player. I have done more leg exercises than arm and bole exercises because I feel that my legs are needed more on a football pitch.The Body Exercises Sit Ups, CrunchesThe body exercises that I will do will allow me to build up my middle body muscles and will help me to become stronger and flexible in that area. This will help me when I play football because I will be able to adjust the middle part of my body easier and this will help me when I am playing.The Arm Exercises Bench Press, Press UpsBy doing these arm exerc ises it will improve my upper body strength and this will make it easier to shrug off opponents when challenging for a ball in a game. The exercises will build up the muscles in my arms and this can help when taking a visualize-in.The Cool DownFor the cool down I will do a light jog and then stretch. The cool down is to prevent lactic acid from settling in the muscles and producing cramps. This is just as important as the warm up and is needed to prevent injury after the PEP.StretchesHamstring- I would sit on the ground then distract over front wards and touch the exit of my shin, I would hold this for 10 seconds. Then I would sit up rest and then b can over front wards again only this time touching the toes rather than the shin.Quads- I would stand and balance myself against a wall with one arm then I would grab the left leg b intercept it backwards so the foot is touching my bum and hold for 10 seconds. Then I would stop rest and change legs.Groin Stretch- I would sit on the gr ound and put the soles of each foot together in a yoga sort of position. Then slowly put pressure on the inwardly of each leg to stretch the groin.Upper Arm- Place one arm in front of me and place the other arm underneath the arm that is held out and grab the shoulder. after this swap arms and do exactly the same. Hold each stretch for 10 seconds.Week 1The warm up and the stretches went well and I then began my Pyramid Session. I had planned to do 10 lengths this week. I found that the Pyramid Session worked well. I completed the 10 lengths with ease but the exercises were quite challenging. At the end of all the lengths and exercises I found myself out of breath but I was pleased with the work I had done. I then went out onto the all weather pitch to do a 50 metre sprint. I did the sprint in 8.12 seconds which was a personal best. After the sprint I did a 5 minute jog and then stretched for 5 minutes.EvaluationI was really pleased with what I did this week but thought that I coul d handle more lengths than what I had done. The exercises that I did were quite demanding but I thought they would be easier to handle next week and was face forward to the challenge. I was extremely pleased with the speed that I achieved in the 50 metre sprint and although it wasnt a Brobdingnagian amount of time I did beat my personal best.Week 2This week I had set myself 12 lengths to do but I wasnt particularly worried about the delegate ahead. I started off with the 5 minute jog and a thorough stretch and then I began my Pyramid Session. The session went well again this week. akin to last week I found that the exercises were again quite tough and challenging but the lengths were completed without much difficulty. After the Pyramid Session this week, I had set my self the throw/ kidnapping ball test. This was not physically challenging but I had to concentrate to get the 35 score that I got. This was not the best score I had ever had but I was pleased with the result.Evaluat ionI was again pleased with this week. The increase in lengths never really affected my performance this week. They were more challenging than the previous week but never caused a major business throughout the session. The throw/catch ball test that I did was more about finding a rhythm and concentrating rather than a physical test.Week 3After the initial warm up and stretch I moved onto another week of the 12 length Pyramid Session. This week it again never caused a huge problem but I was still tired towards the end of the session. The exercises still caused similar problems as they did in the first week and were tiring. It was this week when I began to feel an onward motion in my fitness. After I completed the Pyramid Session I then went and did the muscular endurance test in the hotel foyer. My previous best at this test was 100 seconds but this week I nearly doubled that score with 190 seconds. I was extremely pleased with this result. At the end of the session I did a 10 minu te cool down.EvaluationI found that the 12 lengths didnt pose too much of a problem for me this week and I was tone forward to the challenge of 14 lengths next week. I think that the exercises again provided a challenge for me and I began to feel the improvement in my fitness. I was extremely pleased with the score I achieved in the muscular endurance test. I think that I did well this week and was looking forward to the next few weeks ahead.Week 4Due to a Dentist appointment I was unable to complete the regime at school. As a result I set up a training course on a football field behind my house and carried out my session to the best of my ability taking the environment and lack of equipment into condition. I worked hard for 1 hour and was pleased with the workout I had.Week 5This week was my first attempt in school of attempting the 14 lengths I had set. Firstly, I did the warm up and stretches then got started with the Pyramid Session. It began like the others had but towards the end I found that this session was a lot more tiring than the previous weeks. At the end my legs were aching and I was really tired. I had created the overload and felt the affect. Although I was tired I was pleased with the task I had done and was looking to the week ahead.The test this week was a standing colossal jump. I managed to get a score of 1 metre 52 centimetres. I was quite pleased with the score although it was not a personal best. After the test I went outside where I did a 5 minute jog and stretched off to avoid cramped muscles.EvaluationI was pleased with the effort that I put in today and could feel a definite improvement in my fitness. I thought that 14 lengths were very challenging and on with the leg, arm and middle body exercises produced a Pyramid Session which would challenge me.The standing broad jump that I did was not spectacular but I was pleased with the result.Week 6For this week I was supposed to do 16 lengths, but because I missed week 4 I stubborn t hat I would carry on with 14 lengths. I went outside and did the warm up followed by the stretches then went inside to carry out the Pyramid Session. The 14 lengths were challenging but I felt an improvement in my fitness and they were easier to complete than the lengths last week. The test for my final week was a repeat of the throw/catch ball test. I carried it out in the Sports Hall and beat the score I had gotten previously. I got a score of 33, beating the score of week 2 and equalling my personal best.EvaluationI was pleased with the work that I had done in my final week. I found that the 14 lengths in the Pyramid Session were easier to complete than the previous week. I was pleased with the level of my fitness and was pleased with the score I achieved in the throw/catch ball test. last(a) EvaluationThroughout my PEP I have seen my overall fitness gradually increase from week to week. I would definitely say the regime has been a success and recommend it to people wishing to im prove their fitness. The Pyramid Session provides a challenge from week to week and the exercises between the lengths make it a very demanding regime. I was pleased with the work that the exercises did and at the end of the 6 week program saw an improvement in my leg muscles, middle and upper body strength. I am extremely pleased with the improvement and success that the PEP has had.

Tibialis Anterior Tendon Reconstructed With Plate and Screw

Tibialis Anterior T demolitionon speculate With Plate and ScrewTraumatic Ruptures On The Insertion Of The Tibialis Anterior Tendon Reconstructed With Plate And Screw Fixation Technique And Anterolateral Thigh FlapRunning title musculus tibialis foregoing brawniness reconstructed with family and screw statistical regression techniqueHaijun Mao M.D., Guangyue Xu M.D.InstitutionOrthopedics, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, ChinaAbstractObjective Traumatic ruptures of the tibialis anterior sinew are rare just can cause substantial functional deficiencies. This field of honor aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the reconstruction of traumatic ruptures on the insertion of the tibialis anterior brawniness using plate and screw put inture technique and anterolateral thigh (ANTEROLATERAL THIGH) totterping.Methods Eight consecutive patients with a traumatic rupture of anterior tibialis tendon on the insertion were managed fr om February 2008 to February 2012. The insertion was reconstructed with plate and screw reversion technique, and the tissue defects were renovateed with ANTEROLATERAL THIGH impoverished flaps.Results every(prenominal) flaps survived without any complications. The add up pre artisan and postoperative American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society mortise joint-hind foot scores of the patients were 51 and 94.7.Good ankle dorsiflexion effectiveness against strong resistance was sight in eight ankles postoperatively, and a substantial improvement in strength was historied compared with the preoperative examination.Conclusion Repairing a ruptured insertion of the tibialis anterior tendon using plate and screw fixation technique and ANTEROLATERAL THIGH flaps was a reliable technique and yielded satisfactory results.Level of Evidence Level V, backward case series.Key words tibialis anterior tendon plate and screw fixation techniqueruptureIntroductionRuptures of the tibialis anterior t endon, either traumatic or atraumatic, are uncommon. Traumatic ruptures are ca utilise by an acute trauma accompanied with osseous or soft-tissue injuries in addition to pain and impuissance in dorsiflexion of the ankle1,2. Tibialis anterior tendon is important in ankle dorsiflexion3. Ruptures of this tendon can cause functional deficiencies.A localized pseudotumor is usu onlyy inclose at the anteromedial aspect of the ankle, corresponding to the retracted, ruptured tendon end. Physical examination may include loss of the contour of the tibialis anterior tendon over the ankle and the use of the extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum communis to dorsiflex the ankle2.Traumatic ruptures are usually accompanied with associated injuries. Traumatic ruptures of the tibialis anterior tendon that occur in the avascular lesion deep down 2cm to 3cm of the insertion make an end-to-end surgical seam im likely because bone re adhesiveness is necessary1,36. These ruptures are caused by accidents and result in tissue defects. Consequently, island or free flaps may be required during the reconstruct of the tibialis anterior tendon.Clear guidelines about the treatment of these injuries are currently unavailable. Reconstruction of this tendon to restore ankle dorsiflexion and inversion includes end-to-end repair, tendon transfer, or allograft augmentation4,710. The present study describes a surgical technique using plate and screw fixation with anterolateral thigh (ANTEROLATERAL THIGH) flaps to reconstruct traumatic ruptures of the tibialis anterior tendon.Patients and MethodsEightconsecutive patients with a traumatic rupture of anterior tibialis tendon on the insertion were managed from February 2008 to February 2012. These patients comprised six males and two females with an number age of 32(range,24-46) years. Five and three ruptures involved the right and left legs, respectively.This study defines traumatic rupture as a rupture that occurred because of dire ct blunt trauma (e.g., accident) to the tendon accompanied by osseous or soft-tissue injuries. These blunt traumatic cases were accompanied by tissue defects, which were reconstructed with ANTEROLATERAL THIGH free flaps. Early repair (3 calendar calendar weeks after the rupture or less) was performed for all the traumatic cases, and the average eon from rupture to surgery was 1.8(range 3days to 3weeks) weeks.Rupture of tibialis anterior tendon was diagnosed based on history and physical examination. All patients had functional complaints, includingweakness in dorsiflexion or unsteady gait, limping, and increased fatigue with walking. Physical examination include a pseudotumor at the anterior instigate of the ankle, loss of the normal contour of the tendon, and weak dorsiflexion of the ankle accompanied by hyperextension of all toes. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed to assess the retraction of the tendon and confirm the diagnosis.All patients were available for follow-up. A retrospective review was conducted on medical records, final patient interviews, and physical examinations at an average of 2years and 3months (range 1year and 3months to 4years) postoperatively of all cases. Postoperative manual strength testing was performed using a 0 to 5 scale (0, no evidence of contractibility 1 (trace), evidence of muscle condensation with no joint motion 2 (poor), range of motion with gravity eliminated 3 (fair), range of motion against gravity 4 (good), range of motion against virtually resistance and 5 (normal), range of motion against strong resistance. 11 The American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot score was used for preoperative and postoperative evaluation. This 100-point standard rating system is designed to compare the results of different treatment methods in patients with the same disorder. The anti-hindfoot AOFAS scores evaluate pain (50 points), function (including gait, range of motion, and strength) (40 points), and conjunctive (10 points). 12Surgical TechniqueAll surgical cases were performed under general anesthesia in the affiliated drum tower hospital of nanjing university medical school.A sharp longitudinal incision was made above the superior extensor retinaculum. The extensor retinaculum was left intact if possible to avoid adhesions of the tendon.The proximal ruptured tendon end typically retracted to the inferior edge of the retinaculum or just beneath it. Debridement was performed for the proximal and distal parts of the tendon.If the tendon could be brought to its insertion, a direct tendon repair was carried out. If the tendon ends could not be approximated or if the tendon could not be apposed onto its insertion site, an interpositional tendon graft, which included plantaris tendon (two cases), extensor digitorum longus tendon (one case), and peroneus tertius tendon (one case), was used to bridge the gap and reinforce repair . An anchor is usually used in most reported literatur e. However, this study employed plate and screw fixation technique to repair the tibialis anterior tendon to its anatomical insertion.Direct tendon repairs were performed in four cases. The end of the tibialis anterior tendon was located on its anatomical insertion, and then a mini-plate was pressed on it and screwed. The harvested grafts had smaller diameter than the tibialis anterior. In most patients, this tendon could be doubled, which usually resulted in a graft with a diameter of 5mm to 6mm. The ankle and foot were held in maximal dorsiflexion and maximal supination, respectively, to determine the final length of the tendon graft. One end of the grafted tendon was fixed using plate and screw fixation technique. The tendon should surround one screw to ensure a firm insertion. When the bony attachment was performed, the tendons were sutured to each other with Vicryl using the side-to-side technique. Finally, the tissue defect was repaired with free flaps. In this study, the ANT EROLATERAL THIGH was performed in all cases.Short-leg whorl immobilization was used for the starting 2weeks to maintain the ankle in 0 of dorsiflexion. Weight bearing in the cast was allowed in the succeeding 2weeks. The duration of cast immobilization was determined in part by the surgeons perception of repair quality during surgery. At 6weeks postoperatively, weight bearing and full dorsiflexion were allowed. Plantar flexion was gradually increased.ResultsAll ANTEROLATERAL THIGH flaps survived without any complications, such as necrosis and infection, except for bloated appearance. The average preoperative and postoperative AOFAS Ankle-Hind foot scores of the patients were 51 and 94.7, respectively. Active dorsiflexion was possible after 2weeks to 3weeks.Good ankle dorsiflexion strength against strong resistance was observed in eight ankles postoperatively, and a substantial improvement in strength was noted compared with the preoperative examination. All patients were able to w alk without a visible limp. However, one patient had a little residual weakness in dorsiflexion in comparability to the uninjured side. On physical examination they still had5/5 strength. This caused some symptoms of fatigue or pain after prolonged walking. One patient had 4/5 strength result in a little claudication and continued hyperextension of the toes when walking. Because of the small sample size, there was no valid statistical performer to compare the results.Complications arose in one patient. She developed a regional pain syndrome. At the final assessment, we considered that the adhesion of the intermediate branch of the superficial peroneal centre may be the cause of complication. After the operation of releasing nerve, the patient reported no residual pain and walked with a normal gait. All patients were satisfy with the final result and would undergo the procedure again.Case reportA 46year-old man suffered from a tissue defect and rupture on the insertion of the tibi alis anterior tendon from a motor vehicle accident (Figure 1). His preoperative AOFAS Ankle-Hind foot score and ankle dorsiflexion strength were 53 and 3/5, respectively. One week later, a complete debridement was performed. We used the plate and screw technique to reconstruct the tendon insertion without tendon grafting (Figure 2). The defect was reconstructed with ANTEROLATERAL THIGH free flap. After the operation, a short-leg cast was performed. At 2weeks after the operation, the flap was stable and the wound healed well. At a 14month follow-up, the postoperative result was 95.3 and the ankle dorsiflexion strength was 5/5 (Figures 3 and 4). He was able to walk without a visible limp.DiscussionRuptures of the tibialis anterior tendon are rare plainly can lead to considerable functional deficiencies. Ouzounian and Anderson10reviewed their clinical experience with 12 patients who had tibialis anterior tendon ruptures. Two types of ruptures were identified based on clinical presenta tion (1) atraumatic ruptures, which occurred in low-demand older patients who presented late with minimal dysfunction and (2) traumatic ruptures, which occurred in high-demand younger patients who presented earlier with more disabilities. The authors concluded that patients with traumatic ruptures, regardless of the time of presentation, demonstrated better function after operative intervention.13 In our studies, the average age of the patients was 32(range,24-46) years. Therefore, correct diagnosis should be performed as early as possible. detain diagnosis is common because of intact ankle dorsiflexion that occurs as a result of secondary function of the extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum communis muscles14-17. The diagnosis is significantly based on physical examination, accompanying by weakness of ankle dorsiflexion and a palpable defect of the subcutaneous portion of the tendon and a peseudotumor at the anterior part of the ankle. A pseudotumor usually corresponds w ith the retracted ruptured tendon end, which becomes entrapped at the distal extent of the superior extensor retinaculum. Ankle dorsiflexion is weaker than that in the contralateral extremity. A steppage gait is a characteristic but is not universally present.Conservative treatment with ankle-foot orthoses, bracing, and activity modification is a viable option in inactive patients. However, we speculated that even in cases with a considerable delay, a reconstruction should still be considered regardless of the age of the patients8.Several operative techniques have been published. Many reports recommend an end-to-end suture, but most publications report the use of other techniques because of the difficulties of obtaining an adequate suture repair2,3,18. In cases where tendon stumps are often retracted and undergo degenerative changes, an end-to-end suture does not provide adequate tensile strength to transmit the forces required for function. For such cases, tendon graft is needed. I n recent literature, the interpositional autografts used include plantaris tendon, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis brevis, and Achilles tendon2,13,19.We used ANTEROLATERAL THIGH flaps for the soft tissue reconstruction in these patients. The advantages of ANTEROLATERAL THIGH flaps include consistent and reliable anatomy, long pedicle, being far from the ablative site, allowing two-team approach, the feasibility to create multiple skin paddle by recruiting additional perforators, the flexibility to reconstruct composite defect with chimeric flap by recruiting different tissue types based on a single pedicle, and low donor-site morbidity. When a muscle component is required, we preferred to elevate the flap in a chimeric fashion anterolateral thigh hough elevating the flap as a musculocutaneous flap is also a viable option and may decrease the operative time20.A suture anchor or a bio-tenodesis screw is often used for the reconstruction of the insertion of the tibialis a nterior tendon. However, this study employed the plate and screw fixation technique to reconstruct the insertion because of its several advantages. The screw can fix the tendon to the bone as point, and the plate can fix the tendon as flat. According to the physics formula of pressure(p)=force(f)/square(s), large square results in small pressure when muscle tension is constant. The plate and screw fixation technique may increase the square and decrease the pressure, thereby improving the firmness between the bone and the tendon. Two patients removed the cast a week after the operation. At the last interview, the patients had a manual strength of 5/5 and walked without a visible limp. These results indicate that the technique decreased the duration of cast immobilization compared with previously published reports. However, no valid statistical approach could be performed because of the small sample size. In our future research, we will use a large sample size to validate the results statistically. The applied technique was simple and easy to follow.During our operation, we tested different delegacys (perpendicular, parallel, or other angles) of the plate to the tendon and the direction of the muscular contraction. We considered that placing the plate perpendicular to the tendon is relatively easy. We speculated that a share force exists between the plate and tendon if the plate is parallel to the tendon. In addition, a cutting action may be produced on the tendon after a long time. Thus, we situated the plate perpendicular to the direction of muscular contraction.This study has few limitations. First, it is retrospective and lacks a control group of nonoperatively managed patients. The results are not representative of all patients with tibialis anterior rupture this study only included younger patients who were symptomatic. Second, the AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot score was used as the clinical outcome measurement, which is not a validated instrument. Nevertheless, t his study allows comparison of results because AOFAS Ankle-Hindfoot score is also used in other published studies.ConclusionWe recommend surgical reconstruction of the traumatic ruptured tibialis anterior tendon using plate and screw fixation technique and ANTEROLATERAL THIGH flaps. This technique allows early mobilization and yields satisfactory results.

Legal Recognition of Unmarried Couples

Legal Recognition of Unmarried Couples

Anglo American Model Of Corporate Governance Finance Essay

Anglo Ameri provoke Model Of Corporate G everyplacenance Finance EssayCorporate Governance ModelsIn m all countries, companies ar run mostly for the put on of the sh arholders, the remediateful owners 0. However, at that place be circumstances in which the batch is in like manner run for the benefit of homunculuser(a) relate groups such as customers and employees or the general public at large -1. This is the substantive difference betwixt the two primary moldings of embodied wait namely the come forthsider model, which is used in Anglo-Ameri skunk countries such as the United States or United Kingdom 1 and the insider model, which is used predominantly in European countries such as Germ some(prenominal) or France 4343.The outsider model, also known as the Anglo American model of merged governance because it is predominantly used in Anglo American states like the United States and United Kingdom, is consistent with the narrow definition of corporate governance in tha t it has a bias towards shargonholders over different stakeholders in the corporation 2. This bias is justified on the premise that in most instances, other stakeholders possess recourse to protect their interests through contr cultivateual agreement, whereas the shareholder re brinys insecure as corporate decisions and activities cannot be predicted in advance 3. Since the shareholders carry the danger of the investment decisions made by the corporation, it is argued they should have the primary say in corporate governance.The justification for this ideology is that the primary function of a corporation is the creation of wealth 4. Permitting corporations to focus on profit maximizations as their primary function cracks that logical argumentes pass water frugal growth as oppose to dealing with social considerations which distract them from this objective. It has been argued that directors are not sufficiently familiarityd in balancing social interests with economic ones an d as a result to require them to do so would result in an inefficient system, which would not promote the economic welfare of the market.The Anglo American model starkly contrasts to the stakeholder-oriented approach which is comm that associated with European countries such as Germany and France 5. Under this model, corporations mustiness not only take into account the interest of shareholders but also those of a wide range of constituencies, as well as of the communities within which they operate 6. This helps to as authentic that corporations operate for the benefit of society as a unharmed and not solely in the interests of its shareholders. Such a system places less emphasis on the interests of shareholders for the benefit of the wider community 7. There are several characteristics which purloin the Anglo American model from the stakeholder-oriented approach. Those unique to the Anglo American model are discussed below.Responsibility for Corporation ManagementThe effective f unctioning of a corporation is dependent on the interrelationship and interaction of its various institutions 1. These institutions consist of the board of directors, the executive forethought and shareholders 2. The shareholders of the corporation are the owners who have financially invested in the corporation and the board of directors, as well as executive counselling, are responsible for the operation of the corporation 3 . The Anglo American models primary focus is on maximising profits for the benefit of its shareholders 4. This model does not facilitate input into the corporations personal business by other parties nor does it permit the managers of the corporation to prioritize issues, such as employees or the environment, unless they are congenial with the profitability of the corporation 5.The executive direction is supercharged with the responsibility of operating the company with the view to maximising shareholder profit. The essential role of the direction team, who is stretch by the corporations Chief Executive Officer (CEO), is to perform the day-to day operations of the corporation 5555. The CEO plays a critical role in administering the companys affairs. The CEO chooses the management team and, from a practical perspective, has the final say in many issues relating to the corporation despite the provisions of many corporate statutes and procedures.The Board exists primarily to be an effective corporate governance mechanism for hiring, firing, monitoring and compensating management 6666. The Board, by legislation and corporate by-laws, are delegated a wide variety of responsibilities which enable them to line up the companys chief(prenominal) objectives and monitor their application by the executive management. The Board of Directors is therefore the main organ of the company and acts as agents for its owners by supervising the actions of the managers.There are two popular forms of boards of directors namely, the unitary (one-tier) an d dual (two-tier) boards 6. The Anglo American model favours the unitary board 7. Under this system of management, the number of directors is usually set in the corporations by-laws and they are elected by the shareholders at the AGM for a set period of time, normally a one year full term 8. The Board consists of executive directors (EDs), who are considered employees of the corporation, and non-executive directors (NEDs), who operate to be professionals or experts that are independent of the corporation 9. While an EDs sole responsibility is to increase profits for the shareholders, there is a potential risk that their interests may conflict with those of the corporation 10. The function of NEDs is to strike a balance between the interest of the shareholders and EDs 11. As independent third parties, they should have no conflict of interest and are therefore equipped to monitor the performance of the EDs impartially to the benefit of the shareholders should EDs try to deviate from their principal objective.The supremacy of the Anglo American model is dependent on the extent to which the Board can effectively supervise the actions of the executive management 12. While legislation and regulations seek to ensure a balance between the two entities, in practice the executive management is by far more than indicantful than the Board 13. The nature of publicly held companies is that the executive management has a great deal of flexibility in determining how they discharge their responsibilities in attaining the objectives of the corporation 14. To encourage them to do so, they are more often than not enticed with substantial compensation packages with performance based remuneration. It has been argued that such compensation packages encourage the executive management to concentrate on short term results as oppose to the companys overall or long-term interests 15. This problem is further compounded by the dominant role the CEO plays in the relationship between th e executive management and the Board. While in board meetings the Board is technically supervising the CEO and his management team, the former have a large pointedness of control over the meetings. The CEO sets the agenda for board meetings and decides what information is to be provided to other directors. With this sort of control, it is very easy for the CEO to limit the powers of the Board 16. However, over the past few years, the dominance of the CEO has been challenged not only by the increasing influence of the board of directors 17,but also by legislation. A clear congressman of this can be seen from the requirement for the CEO to certify personally in quarterly and annual SEC reports that as far as they know these transmit no untrue statements or omissions of material facts which might mislead shareholders and that the firms financial condition and results have been fairly presented 18.The Rights of ShareholdersThe ability of a shareholder to exercise its self-possession rights and protect its investment is a key to the Anglo American model of corporate governance. Due to the fact that the focus of the Anglo American system focus is on the interest of shareholders, this model tends to focus on the nature of ownership and the ability of that ownership to protect its investment 0.One of the clear challenges which arise from the separation of ownership and management is to strike the right balance between the rights of the owners with the control of the managers 1. There are several mechanisms which the Anglo American model utilises to deal with this issue 2. These come in the form of rights which are afforded to the shareholders which enable them to monitor and control the managers of the corporation 3. The Anglo American model utilizes an outsider/arms length system of ownership and control, where share ownership is astray dispersed. Most of the largest corporations in the US and UK are quoted on the stock market and offer their shares to the gener al public 4. This sort of dispersed ownership is a main feature of this type of model. According to one study, less than one-fifth of the Britains publicly traded companies have an owner who controls more than 25% of the shares 5. It has been argued that the causation for this is because the general public in these communities pick not to own a high percentage of equities in large firms 6. Having said so, even countries who share a comparable apparent motion in ownerships are not always identical. For example, one major difference between the US and UK in terms of ownership is the stronger presence of institutional shareholders in the UK 7.This trend towards ownership by institutional shareholders has an impact on the efficiency of the Anglo American model. The institutional shareholder represents a large number of smaller investors and therefore has the wrench to effectively monitor and address managerial misconduct 8. In the UK context, it has become conventional wisdom that prompting institutional investors to consider their responsibility as an all- substantial(prenominal) corporate constituent is an additional way to improve managerial accountability 9. Unfortunately, this has not always been the case primarily because many institutional shareholders are goaded by short term strategies which may not have as their paramount concern the long term welfare of the corporation. As Hutton says, the consequence of tax arrangements has been a flood of institutional savings and acute demand for dividends and the foreshortening of investment time horizons 10.In addition, it has been shown that when dissatisfied with the performance of a corporation, many institutional shareholders would prefer to sell their shareholding than to play some sort of supervisory or monitoring role in the corporation 11. Another problem facing institutional shareholders is how to go down their roles as shareholders owning shares in many listed companies with their role as investor s of funds 12. Given that their primary motivation is to make profit for their investors, they compete fiercely with each other to attract funds in order to ensure a high return on their investments 13. Consequently, when faced with mismanagement it is easier for them to sell than to hold management to account. Further, it has been argued that even when institutional shareholders were willing to intervene in the corporations affairs, there are practical obstacles which make it difficult for them to do so. One of these is what is commonly referred to as the motivation factor. invigilate and Miles define it as follows There is a disincentive for single institutional shareholders to expend time, effort and resources correcting what they perceive as bad management if other curse word institutional shareholders do not also support this action. Institutional shareholders have different priorities and agendas at any one time. It may be difficult to jackpot resources to tackle unneuroti c what to some institutional shareholders may not be a problem at all. 14In light of the challenges institutional shareholders face in monitoring management of companies, the Anglo American model can only be successful if there are other mechanisms in place which can be used to protect shareholders 15. The main focus of the Anglo American model is in the protection of shareholders 16. In this respect, both the UK and US system are similar in the way corporate directors and senior managers are held accountable to their shareholders 17. Both systems encourage shareholders to work as monitors over managers and senior executives 18. To facilitate this monitoring mental process, shareholders have many statutory rights and common law rights.The main right afforded to shareholders that provide them with a means of controlling the management of the company is their statutory right to choose on decisions at the Annual General Meeting (AGM) 19 . The AGM is an annual meeting which shareholde rs are entitled to picture 20. At this meeting, the shareholders are informed virtually the previous and future activities of the corporation 21. It is an hazard for them to receive copies of the companys accounts as well as review fiscal information for the past year and ask any questions regarding the directions the business will take in the future 22. In addition, the shareholders are able to elect the Board of Directors 23. This right is designed to operate as a check on the managerial actions of the Board of Directors and executive management. Shareholders are able to participate in discussion regarding the companys welfare and vote on important affairs relating to the company 24.While the right to vote at a corporations AGM may at first glance appears to be an effective means for shareholders to protect their interest, in practical terms this is often not the case. Publicly held companies usually consist of a large number of small owners who own very small fractions of the corporations shares 25. Having a small proportion of the corporate equity means that shareholders have little influence on managerial decisions 26. Furthermore, due to the fact that their shareholding is insignificant, it is unlikely to give them any real power at AGMs where they are suppose to be able to exercise their legal rights. As a result, many shareholders are not incentivised to attend AGMs. For this reason, the Anglo American model has additional mechanisms which are designed to enhance the control of the managers by shareholders. Most, if not all, of these legal and organisational safeguards have been devised in response to abuses of corporate power by managers who fail to put the interests of shareholders first. These mechanisms are intended to encourage minority shareholders to be active in protecting their rights and holding directors accountable for actions 27. The three main mechanisms which will be discussed below are cumulate voting, appraisal rights and shareholde rs derivative action 28.Cumulative voting is a process by which minority shareholders are permitted to cast all their votes in the election of directors for a single candidate 29. Through this process, the power of the minority is strengthened because they are able to pool their votes together and secure a member of the Board who they feel confident will look after their interests in the corporation 30.Shareholders are also given the right to seek appraisal of their shares in certain fundamental transactions for example where a merger takes place. In these circumstances, a shareholder can seek a court valuation of their shares based upon fair value and be paid in cash 31. This right to sell ones shares can be seen as a protective measure for shareholders, because it encourages directors to seek the highest price in such transactions so as to avoid several shareholders exercising this right 32. Having said so, there are some disadvantages to this right. In most cases the methods of v aluation are conservative and therefore shareholders do not necessarily benefit in real terms. The process is time consuming and payments need not be made until the process is complete. Attorneys and experts fees can be high and interest is not assured.Of all of these rights, the derivative caseful against directors is probably the strongest tool which can be used by shareholders, particularly minority shareholders. A derivative suit is a claim brought by a shareholder on behalf of the corporation against parties allegedly causing harm to the corporation 33 . This right strengthens the position of shareholders, in particular minority shareholders. As a common law country where case law principles are well developed and where shareholders are said to be better protected, judicial intervention is believed to be an essential element of good corporate governance.A derivative action would not be effective unless the management of a corporation has a vocation to its shareholders. The bo ard of directors is a critical part of the corporation and as a result must be held to account to the corporations owners if good corporate governance is to prevail. In the UK, directors are subject to common law fiduciary duties and case law still plays a central role in holding managers and board of directors accountable to the corporation as a separate legal entity.Seeing the relationship between the directors and shareholders as one of agency implies that directors should be elected by shareholders and can be dismissed by them at the AGM.The focus therefore is clearly on ensuring that those who manage the corporation are always acting in the trump interest of the corporations shareholders. The lean of the Anglo American system to protect the interests of shareholders is most evident when looking at the manner in which it deals with putschs and acquisitions of corporations. In instances where there is a takeover bid, shareholders need to be given an opportunity to decide on the merits of a takeover so as to ensure that shareholders of the same class are afforded alike treatment by an offeror and thus are being treated fairly. The Anglo American model therefore provides a degree of protection to shareholders in instances where a corporation is subject to a takeover bid. For example, in the UK, the City Code on Takeovers and Mergers 7777 (the City Code) ensures that shareholders are treated fairly and are not denied an opportunity to protect their interest 8888. The City Code essentially essentially all defensive actions when a takeover bid is pending or when the target has reason to believe that a bona fide offer might be imminent 9999. Once a bid is made, any defensive action requires shareholder approval. This means management of the corporation cannot supersede the interests of its shareholder, who so ever it shall be. UK case law emphasises that the fundamental decision on takeovers belongs to shareholders, not incumbent managers and generally holds th at management actions which go against shareholders rights are not pursuant to a proper purpose and therefore fall outside the scope of the delegated management authority afforded by the common law.Disclosure and foilDisclosure and transparency are important in managing the relationship between shareholders on the one hand and the executive management on the other. Shareholders have a right to make decisions in relation to the corporation based on information that is accurate and correct 1. This is the only way they can be sure that the corporation is being managed properly. Financial inform frauds have attracted high-profile attention recently provoked by widespread irregularities at large corporations 2. It is managements responsibility to prevent such problems before they begin 31. To do so, it is necessary to establish a control environment designed to identify and immediately stamp out any double-dealing reporting that does occur 32.One of the tools which is used to protect shareholders interests in this respect is the canvass commission 3. An audit committee is an operating committee of the Board of Directors charged with oversight of financial reporting and manifestation 4 . Committee members are drawn from members of the companys board of directors, with a Chairperson selected from among the committee members 33. To be effective, the committee must be composed of independent outside directors with at least one qualifying as a financial expert 34.The audit committee plays an important role as a board subcommittee. The Smith Report 5 explains its role as follows While all directors have a duty to act in the interests of the company, the audit committee has a particular role, acting independently from the executive, to ensure that the interests of shareholders are properly protected in relation to financial reporting and internal control.An analysis of the corporate governance codes of twenty European countries by Collier and Zaman (2005) 6 showed t hat their codes assign a set of functions which should be effect by an audit committee as follows a) oversight of external audit b) oversight of internal audit c) involvement in external auditor pickaxe or dismissal d) oversight of risk and internal control reporting by the board and e) oversight of financial reporting quality.In carrying out these functions, the committee operates as a liaison between the Board, external auditors, internal auditors, the finance director and the operating 7 . They are for all intents and purposes the final safeguard in ensuring the financial statements of the corporation which are released to shareholders and other stakeholders are accurate. The Board often relies on the audit committee to notice and question any unusual business practices, aggressive accounting methods or violations of the companys code of business conduct. But at many companies audit committee members may not have the expertise in matters of internal control 8. In addition, some people serving on audit committees have very little accounting or financial experience 9. Accordingly, audit committee members need a reference guide to their responsibilities. That is the function of an audit committee charter 10. A comprehensive charter enhances the effectiveness of the audit committee, serving as a road map for committee members 11. A well-thought-out charter also should describe the committees composition and specify access to appropriate resources.OECD PRINCIPLES vertical corporate governance is key to the integrity of corporations, financial institutions and markets 1. They also play an important role in promoting the health and stability of a states economy. Many multinational organizations have come to understand the importance of good corporate governance including the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 2. To this end, the OECD established the first set of internationally delightful standards of corporate governance, known as th e OECD Principles, which have become a reference point used by both developed and developing countries not only for self-assessment but also for issuing and developing codes of best practice 3. The OECD work in corporate governance is centered on promoting the implementation of these principles throughout the world. They are arguably one of the most substantial efforts made to highlight the importance which should be given to corporate governance.The OECD Principles were first released in 1999 and revised in 2004 4. It sets out the key standards of corporate governance which are required for international financial stability.The Principles are intended to assist governments to evaluate and improve the legal, institutional and restrictive fashion model for corporate governance in their own countries 5. The Principles primarily focus on publicly traded companies, but provide a good guideline for other forms of corporations. The main principles of the OECD Principles 6areThe corporat e governance framework should promote transparent and efficient markets, be consistent with the rule of law and clearly articulate the division of responsibilities among different supervisory, regulatory and enforcement authorities.The corporate governance framework should protect and facilitate the exercise of shareholders rights.The corporate governance framework should ensure the equitable treatment of all shareholders, including minority and strange shareholders. All shareholders should have the opportunity to obtain effective redress for violation of their rights.The corporate governance framework should recognise the rights of stakeholders established by law or through mutual agreements and encourage active co-operation between corporations and stakeholders in creating wealth, jobs, and the sustainability of financially sound enterprises.The corporate governance framework should ensure that timely and accurate disclosure is made on all material matters regarding the corporati on, including the financial situation, performance, ownership, and governance of the company.The corporate governance framework should ensure the strategic guidance of the company, the effective monitoring of management by the board, and the boards accountability to the company and the shareholders.In addition to the OECD, business-related organizations like the Centre for International Private Enterprise have also considered corporate governance to be important in the promotion of good business practices 7. The Centre has an affiliate located in Egypt which was established to educate, raise the awareness of the importance of establishing suitable corporate governance standards in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. 8

Reciprocal love in John Donnes Holy Sonnets Essay -- John Donne Holy

Reciprocal revere in John Donnes Holy SonnetsHoly Sonnet XV deals with the question of reciprocal love that runs passim Donnes religious poetry. The Sonnet is an address of the speaker units mind to the speakers soul it is a meditation on the Trinity and homophiles birth to idol. The meters form and the multi-layered conflation throughout expound upon the nature of the Trinity. The theme of humility in reciprocal religious love or receiving and understanding divinitys glory (as Donne understood it) runs throughout the poem. This allows the speakers soul to understand his own need for humility in come in to love god fully. Donne uses the Sonnet form cunningly in this poem the formal divisions of the Sonnet reflect the trinity, with three four-line sections, while the inner workings of the poem expound upon Gods love for man configuration and the need for humility. The poems rhyme scheme is abba/abba/cddc/ee. This formally divides the poem into three four subtract sections th at move from the spiritual to the physical downward through the Trinity, increasing tangibility with regard to the physical and allowing the speaker to achieve a closer relationship with God through Christ. Each four-line section expounds upon one aspect of the Trinity- God the Spirit/God the Father/God the Son. Donne continually juxtaposes the explication of aspects of the Trinity with explication of mans relationship to God, resulting in a high degree of conflation throughout. The first line opens with a simultaneous statement of doubt and faith, Wilt thou love God, as He thee? While the speaker is convinced of Gods love, he doubts his ability to reciprocate. This is in contrast to many of Donnes other Holy Sonnets in which the speaker continuously implores ... ...al in lines one and two with enjambment between the words digest and my soul. He even goes so far as to conflate God the Father with depraved man through enjambent and the phrase robbed man in line 9. In fact, this line seems to actually serve as a kind of volta due to the ultimate extreme of conflation, thus following the traditional Italian sonnet form. This emphasizes the purity of the form as representative of the Trinity in this sonnet. Donnes use of the form of the poem itself as an embodiment of the Trinity seems to further emphasize the perceived interrelatedness of all things, and therefore supports the mutual statement of love that opens the poem. So, the conflation rises to yet another level, where the poem itself is a resonation of Gods love as a manifestation of the trinity, and Donne takes the role of creator, thus acting in the pattern of God.

Othello Essay :: essays research papers

Act i. sc. i.ADMIRABLE is the preparation, so truly and peculiarly Shakspearian, in the accession of Roderigo, as the dupe on whom Iago shall first exercise his art, and in so doing display his own character. Roderigo, without any fixed principle, but not without the moral notions and sympathies with honour, which his gross and connections had hung upon him, is already well fitted and predisposed for the purpose for very want of character and strength of passion, like wind loudest in an empty house, constitute his character. The first trip allow lines happily state the nature and foundation of the friendship between him and Iago, the purse,as also the contrast of Roderigos intemperance of mind with Iagos coolness,the coolness of a preconceiving experimenter. The mere row of protestationIf ever I did dream of such a matter, abhor me,which falling in with the associative link, determines Roderigos continuation of complaintThou toldst me, thou didst wear him in thy hateelicits at length a true feeling of Iagos mind, the dread of contempt habitual to those, who encourage in themselves, and have their keenest pleasure in, the contemplation of con-tempt for others. Observe Iagos high self-opinion, and the moral, that a wicked man will employ real feelings, as well as assume those most alien from his own, as instru-ments of his purposesAnd, by the faith of man,I know my price, I am worth no worse a place.I think Tyrwhitts reading of life for wife A boyfriend almost damnd in a fair wifethe true one, as fitting to Iagos contempt for whatever did not display power, and that intellectual power. In what follows, let the reader feel how by and through the glass of two passions, disappointed vanity and envy, the very vices of which he is complaining, are made to act upon him as if they were so many excellences, and the more appropriately, because cunning is always admired and wished for by minds conscious of inward weaknessbut they act only by half, like melody on a n inattentive auditor, swelling the thoughts which prevent him from listening to it. Ib. Rod. What a full fortune does the thick-lips owe,If he can carryt thus.Roderigo turns off to Othello and here comes one, if not the only, seem justification of our blackamoor or negro Othello. Even if we supposed this an uninterrupted tradition of the theatre, and that Shakspeare himself, from want of scenes, and the experience that nothing could be made too mark for the senses of his audience, had practically sanctioned it,would this prove aught concerning his own intention as a poet for all ages?